The Engish spoken in The
Innier Circle is said to be norm-providing that is standard
model for other countries to fallow. English as a second
language (ESL) refers to the English spoken in those
Rajesh Kumar Gopu
Lecturer Frgy
countries which were once colonized by the t These countries are South Asian coumtie s Pakistan, india, Sri Lanka etc., South East Asian an
such as Singapore, Malaysia, Philipines et,andth
countries such as Nigeria, south Africa ete trpe these countries served many functions. It s the me of education, used in law and government and g the status of official language in manyof these coume Iit has become institutionalized and is develogingta standard. Kachru called these countries as The oe Circle. The Outer Circle is norm- developing accoty Kachru. English as a Foreign Language EPU a ianguage of those countries for whom it e purpose within their own countries. They leant order to communicate with its native speskesfre or other purposes. China, Japarn, Korea and aines are included in this group to whom Kachru cals Expanding Circle. EFL varieties of English dependons standards set by native speakers in The inner Crdae are known as norm-dependent.
Engish, the lingua franca of the world, is no more
- the languagb of the Sritish, it has become the
language of the world, English was once a foreign
anguage even to the people of Great Britain itisactually
the language of two tribes Angles and Saxons from
Northern Germany. They invaded England in fitth
century and became its ruler. The language they spoke
became the language of England and the same was
transferred not only to the other parts of the United
Kingdornı but also to the other countries of the world. In
order to trace the development English can be divided
into three categories. Old English was the language of
England from450 A. D. to 1050 A.D. Middle English which
was spoken between 1050 A.D. to 1500 A.D. Moden
Engish was developed after 1500 A.D. which is still
changing and developing. After the end of reign of
Queen Elabeth I in 1603 and the later years reign of
Queen Elizabeth li at the start of twenty first century the
number of speakers of English increased from a mere
five to seven millian to two bilions. During sixteenth
century English was spoken by a smali group of people
born and bred within the shores of the British isles, it is
now spoken almost every country of the world, with its
majority speakers being those for whom it is not a first
language
For the sake of coryenience and understanding, the
spread of English around the world is discussed in terms
f thre distinct group of users, those who speak English
s a Native Langunge ENLI, asa Second Language (ESL),
and as a Foreign Language {EFL English as a native
language IENLI or English as a mother tongue is the
language of those born and brought up in countries
where English is the first language or mother tongue to
be spoken. These countries are the United Kingdom, the
united States of America, Canada, Australia and New
Zealand. Kachru, an Indian Linguists, nared these
countries as The inner Circle.
HOW IS ENGLISH TRANSFERRED TO OTHER COUATE OFTHE WORLD?
The transfer of English to other countries of the wt
can be discussed with the help of two digenatt
English. The first dispersal or diaspora involvesmgto
of a large number of people from England, Scotlandan
freland to North Americe. Australia and New L
resulting in new mother tongue varieties of Engieh
English spoken today in Canada, America, Austhaian
New Zealand is not exactly the same as the Englistd
United kingdom but it has underwent some changes
to same social, cultural and economic differences i
example their vocabulary rapidly expanded thay
contact with indigenous people. Pronunciation
grammar also underwent through changes t
difference between American and British Engi
striking. For example American words such as c
apartment, elevator, cab and flyover are differert t
their respective words of the British Engish sat
biscuit, flat, lift, taxi and overpass. There s mel
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